La Guiche from Rome, 1551, with Noailles and Seure, 1558

Summary. The catalogue grouped three letters with cipher that had no decipherment noted. Each was checked for a contemporary decipherment on the leaf or nearby. Claude de La Guiche, bishop of Mirepoix, wrote to Montmorency from Rome on 22 November 1551 with about thirteen lines of cipher inside the cleartext, and no decipherment exists. The 406 symbols were transcribed. There are 22 distinct symbols, one for each letter of the period’s 22-letter alphabet. A solver (simulated annealing over permutations) scored against a language model of French despatches 1530–1600 recovered the key. In substance the passage says the following. Dom Diego [Hurtado de Mendoza] has had a Sienese imprisoned, and La Guiche has seen the trial papers. The Sienese envoy has left Rome for Siena with Dom Diego. The Count of Santa Fiora « est mal satisfaict » and « facilement se reduiroit au service du roy », on the conditions he would ask. One name and the two struck-through opening lines remain uncertain. François de Noailles’s Venice letter of 13 November 1558 has the court’s decipherment in the inner margin, partly lost in the binding. The catalogue lists one letter from the chevalier de Seure, Lisbon, December 1558; the volume holds six, including duplicates. They hold about 2,000 symbols of a homophonic cipher with numerical code groups and no decipherment, and are left open as their own target.

BnF fr. 3138 f. 60v, lines of invented symbols between lines of clear French — BnF fr. 3138 f. 60v (Gallica btv1b90601662, view 65): La Guiche’s first cipher lines, the first two struck through, then clear « Informer led. S^r cardinal du contenu en icelluy ». Image: Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 3138 f. 60v, via Gallica btv1b90601662 view 65.

01 The three letters

La Guiche → the duc de Montmorency, Rome, 22 November 1551, fr. 3138 no. 22, f. 60v–61r. The clear text is about cardinals and the Pope’s intentions during the Parma war. It is interrupted by six cipher runs, 406 symbols in all. There is no decipherment on the leaf, in the margin or on the following leaf.
Noailles → the Cardinal de Lorraine, Venice, 13 November 1558, fr. 3151 no. 33, f. 59–60. The letter is in clear (galleys, Candia, Corfu), with two cipher blocks of three lines on f. 60r. Each has its decipherment written in the inner margin.
Seure → de Fresne and Henri II, Lisbon, 12 and 27 December 1558, fr. 3151 nos. 39–44. The catalogue listed one letter, no. 39, but the volume holds six, and nos. 40/41 and 43/44 are duplicates. The cipher runs over some eight pages.

02 La Guiche: the decipherment

Normalised spelling. Clear words from the letter are in italics, [?] marks an uncertain reading, and … marks symbols not deciphered.

[struck through: Dom Diego … constituer prisonnier en ce … un Siennois … croy que …] le procès duquel j’ay trouvé moien de veoir, affin de informer led. S^r cardinal du contenu en icelluy pour selon cela mettre tel fondement qu’il advisera a la pratique qu’aves entendu. Et aussi pour dire aud. S^r cardinal les propos que Mignet[?] a tenus a l’ambassadeur de Senes qui estoit icy, lequel est party pour s’en retorner a Senes avec Dom Diego. Et pour ce que ledict S^r cardinal a commancé a vous escripre de ceste affaire, je m’en remettray a ce qu’il vous en escripra. J’entendz que le conte [de] Sainte Fiore est mal satisfaict de [l’Empereur?], et que facilement se reduiroit au service du roy … Car ledict personnage qui estoit icy tractant avec moy l’affaire du sieur Barnabe Adorne … vous informer du service que le roy pourroit avoir du dict sieur Barnabe, et aussi des conditions qu’il demanderoit.

“Dom Diego” is Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, Charles V’s ambassador in Rome and the power behind Siena until the Sienese rising of July 1552. The count of Santa Fiora is Sforza Sforza (1520–1575), a grandson of Paul III, who had gone back into Charles V’s service after that pope’s death. The letter shows La Guiche sounding him out for the French side eight months before Siena turned to France. “Barnabe Adorne” is presumably a Genoese of the Adorno family; he is not identified further.

Filled 30 September 2026. The run after “qu’il advisera” (24 symbols, missed by the first transcription) gives a la pratique qu’aves entendu with the key unchanged (grade H for the key, C for the reading). The plain cross without a bar is a symbol of its own, b: it gives l’ambassadeur and, twice, Barnabe, where the barred cross is r in the same word and in Adorne (grade M: a value found on three words). The pair ff+c is ss in both places it occurs (ambassadeur, aussi; M). In “du service” the image has the barred p (s) where the first transcription had the double-barred #. After “mal satisfaict de” stands a single four-dot symbol (::), a code for a person that occurs nowhere else; “l’Empereur” is a conjecture from context (grade I): “se reduiroit au service du roy” says the count was serving someone else, and in 1551 he was in the Emperor’s service (the Pope, whose general he had been, is the alternative). The clear words were transcribed from the image (Gallica view 65).

03 Method

The cipher was transcribed symbol by symbol from full-resolution crops of each line (guiche_ct.txt). The counts pointed to a simple substitution: 22 distinct symbols, one of them at 16%, the rate of French e. An annealer that allowed several symbols per letter converged on a degenerate i/x solution. A permutation annealer with swap moves, scored with a French 5-gram model without word spaces (fr-1530-despatches), produced le conte sainctefiore est mal satisfaict on its best restart. Four symbols were then fixed from context (qu, p, y, v), and the rest re-annealed. Key: 3=e, t=r, #=i, θ=u, the stemmed 4=t, barred p=s, hook=a, f=d, d=n, open 4=o, curled d=o, p=c, Ⅲ=l, ff=qu, overbarred d=m, φ=y, the circle=v, hooked q=f, ∞=p; added 30 September 2026: the plain cross=b, ff followed by c=ss, and one four-dot code symbol (::).

04 Noailles, 1558: deciphered at the time

Cipher lines with a column of clear words in the inner margin — BnF fr. 3151 f. 60r (Gallica btv1b9059865k, view 61): Noailles’s two cipher blocks, with the court’s decipherment in the inner margin, partly hidden in the gutter. Image: Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 3151 f. 60r, via Gallica btv1b9059865k view 61.

Only part of the glosses is legible, because the start of each line runs into the binding: « … mauluaise … gouvernement … affaires », « … grand seigneur … ne luy … de la fortune … ». The letter was deciphered when it arrived. A complete text would need the volume opened flat.

05 Seure, 1558: open

Seure’s six letters mix clear French (the Indies fleet, twenty-two ships at Havana, the queen of Portugal’s confessor) with long blocks in about sixty invented symbols and numerical groups such as 12, 23 and 100: a homophonic nomenclator. None has a decipherment. There are roughly 2,000 symbols under what looks like one key, enough for a ciphertext-only attack, but the transcription alone would take several sessions. The letters stay in the catalogue as their own item.

06 What remains uncertain

La Guiche: the four-dot code symbol (::) after « mal satisfaict de », read by conjecture as « l’Empereur » (grade I); one rare symbol (5, in the struck lines) unassigned; the name read as « Barnabe Adorne » since 30 September 2026 (the plain cross is b, the barred cross r); the struck-through first two lines deciphered only in fragments; the Ⅲ symbol is l everywhere but gives g in « Diego ». Key grade C; the text is grade M where marked. Corrected 30 September 2026: « l’am[bass]adeur de Senes » replaces « de ceux de Sienes », which the symbols do not give; with the key the four symbols in brackets give r a q and an unassigned one, and bass was first inferred from context (grade I); on the second pass the symbols were read as b and ss (plain cross and ff+c), so the word now stands without brackets (grade M). « Mal satisfaict de » is followed by a four-dot symbol (::), now in the transcription; see above.
Noailles: the margin decipherment is incomplete; the cipher was not attacked.
Seure: not transcribed.

07 Sources

BnF français 3138, Gallica btv1b90601662, view 65 (La Guiche); view 70 has Morvilliers’ 1549 letter with its decipherment.
BnF français 3151, Gallica btv1b9059865k, view 61 (Noailles); views 72–88 (Seure).

Transcription, solver scripts and notes: targets/guiche1551/.